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The digital divide in the United States refers to actual or perceived inequalities between individuals, households, and other groups of different demographic and socioeconomic levels in ''access'' to information and communication technologies ("ICTs") and in the ''knowledge and skills'' needed to effectively use the information gained from connecting.〔Norris, P. 2001. Digital divide: Civic engagement, information poverty and the Internet world- wide. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge Univ. Press.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FALLING THROUGH THE NET: A Survey of the "Have Nots" in Rural and Urban America )〕〔(Patricia, J.P. 2003. ‘E-government, E-Asean Task force, UNDP-APDIP’(PDF) )〕 The global digital divide refers to inequalities in access, knowledge, and skills, but designates countries as the units of analysis and examines the divide between developing and developed countries on an international scale.〔(Chinn, Menzie D. and Robert W. Fairlie. 2004. "The Determinants of the Global Digital Divide: A Cross-Country Analysis of Computer and Internet Penetration". Economic Growth Center. (PDF) )〕 As of July, 2015, approximately 15 percent of Americans lack internet access.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=15% of Americans don’t use the internet. Who are they? )〕 ==Trends in access and usage== The National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) conducted the first survey to assess Internet usage among what the study deemed the 'haves' and the 'have-nots' of American society in 1995.〔 After U.S. President Bill Clinton adopted the phrase, "the digital divide" in his 2000 State of the Union address, researchers have identified numerous origins and aversions explaining trends in access and usage of information and communication technologies between the groups of United States' haves and have-nots. Over the past decade, several of these demographic access and usage gaps have narrowed, or closed altogether, while others continue to show a lack of connectivity for the group; these include gaps on the basis of race and ethnicity and income.〔Morales, Lymari. 2009. "Nearly Half of Americans are Frequent Internet Users." Gallup Poll.〕〔 The digital divide has been identified by policymakers as a concern in need of a remedy, since technology has the potential to improve individual Americans' lives. Although frequency of Internet use among all Americans has risen (26% in 2002 used the Internet for more than an hour per day compared to 48% in 2009), still almost one third of Americans are not connected to the Internet.〔 Internet connectivity varies widely state by state in the U.S., as well. For example, in 2011 89% of Washington residents were connected to the Internet in one or more locations on one or more devices, ranking first in the nation.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 Washington Internet Access )〕 Meanwhile, 59% of all Mississippi residents were connected to the Internet in one or more locations on one or more devices in 2011, ranking last in the nation.〔 (【引用サイトリンク】 Mississippi Internet Access )〕 In addition to a divide in access to connectivity, researchers have identified a skill, or knowledge, divide that demonstrates a gap between groups in the United States on the basis of technological competency and digital literacy.〔Mossberger, K., C.J. Tolbert, and M. Stansbury. 2003. Virtual inequality: Beyond the digital divide. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.〕 The effort by the United States' government to close the digital divide has included private and public sector participation, and has developed policies to address information infrastructure and digital literacy that promotes a digital society in the United States. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Digital divide in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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